Data source: Hughes, Paxton, Clayton and Zetterberg
Quota Adoption and Reform Over Time, or QAROT, is the first longitudinal dataset with information about the adoption, implementation, and reform of national gender quotas across the world. National gender quotas regulate (s)election to national legislatures through constitutional provisions or national laws that require some share of general election candidates or legislators to be women. The dataset includes new measures of quota design, quota thresholds, placement mandates, sanctions for non-compliance, and quota effectiveness. The authors also create a single-variable measure of the presence of an effective quota to be used by comparative politics researchers to control for this powerful institutional feature.
When using this dataset, please cite as:
(Hughes et al.,
2017)
(Hughes et al.,
2019)
Browse variables and select them for download.
qar_adqu
Dummy variable on whether the country has adopted a gender quota as part of its constitution or secondary law. Coded '1' beginning in the year a quota is introduced in the constitution or secondary la ...
qar_efqu
Dummy variable for effective gender quota is coded 1 if a county has a quota that reaches a 10 percent de facto threshold for either candidate or reserved seat quotas. Further, candidate quotas are on ...
qar_imqu
Dummy variable on whether a country has implemented a gender quota in an election. Coded ‘1’ beginning in the year a quota has been implemented in an election -- whether or not the law was followed -- ...
qar_plac
Dummy variable on whether a candidate quota includes placement mandates. Coded only for country-years where a quota was present.
qar_plstr
Placement mandates as coded “strong” if they specify an order that meets or exceeds the threshold set by the quota. For example, if a quota with a 30% threshold requires that women are on every third ...
qar_san
Dummy variable on whether a candidate quota includes a sanction for noncompliance. Coded only for country-years where a quota was present.
qar_sstr
Sanctions are coded “strong” only if parties are stopped from participating in the election if they do not comply with the quota rules. If parties are fined or lose state funding, sanctions are coded ...
qar_thr
The product of the percent of legislative seats to which the quota applies and the legislative threshold stipulated by the quota creates the de facto threshold. Valued between 0-100, as the percent of ...
qar_typ
Type of gender quota. 'seats' denotes a national quota that reserves a certain percentage of seats in the legislature for women. 'candidate' denotes a national gender quota that requires all parties t ...